...Ward_et_2000_RareEarth)2.1
The theoretical concepts of a habitable zone (HZ) with the specialization of animal habitable zone (AHZ) and galactical habitable zone (GHZ) are very intriguing because they reveal facts like those, that water oceans need a certain distance from the main star not to vaporate or to freeze [336]:16,18, that animal life needs certain maximal temperatures [336]:20 as well as a whole list of heavy elements is needed [336]:29. The first two billion years these heavy elements have not been available [336]:30) and there is probably a maximal time point when certain kinds of radioactivity will not be available to drive plate tectonics [336]:30. Furthermore does complex life need long enough periods of time which can only be realized if the stars are not too much bigger than the sun (p.30). For the future of life on earth there is a limit given by the sun which is incrementing and will change into a red giant in about 4 billion years [336]:32. The other point is the fact that the location of our solar system is within the milky way galaxy in an area of relative low disturbances [336]:27f. Nevertheless besides the upcoming danger of the sun as red giant there is some probability of a collision: "The Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way are thus expected to collide in about 4.5 billion years, although the details are uncertain since Andromeda's tangential velocity with respect to the Milky Way is only known to within about a factor of two" [346]. 
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... anything.2.2
For every system $ S_{ij}$ it has to be defined, at which point of time which kind of computation by $ \gamma_{ij}$ should be possible. 
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... body2.3
One should keep in mind that the classification of a neuron as non-conscious and conscious can not be done by a purely physiological investigation. The 'conscious' neuron has the same physiological outlay and behavior as an 'unconscious' one. 
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... machine2.4
For the original paper introducing the concept of a turing machine see Turing 1936-7 [323]; for a more modern description see e.g. Minsky [216] or Hopcroft et.al. 1979 [135] 
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... considered3.1
An historical famous example was the first big computer model of the world development published by Forrester and his team 1971 (cf. [95]). They brought the first time forward the idea that e.g. 'pollution' is an effect of industrialization, which can in the long run destroy other processes. 
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...#tex2html_wrap_inline16052#3.2
The assumption of binary strings is quite concrete but because one can encode any other kind of an alphabet as a binary alphabet this is no restriction. 
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... presented3.3
These examples are realized with the scilab programming environment, a mathematics package like Mathematica$ ^{TM}$ combined with a simulation environment similar to matlab$ ^{TM}$. The software can easily be downloaded from $ \verb§http://www.scilab.org§$. The source code of all examples can be found in the appendix of this text. 
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... environment3.4
What biologists calle a ecological 'niche'. 
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... genomes3.5
The new subject of memetic computing has eventually to be located here. 
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...Ankenbrandt_1991:55).3.6
It has to remarked that this definition is problematic because there can be fluctuations around some values which would mark a convergence where there is no one. Thus it would be more stable to define convergence as belonging to all values after some $ t$, eventually within a range of a deviation $ +/- \epsilon$. Besides this one has to notice that this kind of convergence does not identify an absolute value because with a crossover operator the convergence behavior is not predictible. 
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... system3.7
see the source code named 'LCS_v0.18.sce' in the technical appendix. 
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... notes)4.1
Because the matrices are too big to be displayed completely on a normal page it is recommende to look to the accompanying webpage; there will all matrices be displayed with their full size 
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... 'sound'4.2
Although the general outline of the $ ANIMAT^{2}$-agent is slightly different to the zeroth-level classifier systems of Wilson we try to use his mechanisms for genetic reorganization as far as possible. For a detailled discussion see the next chapters 
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... environment4.3
In a later version this should be changed. Indeed there is already a World-Simulation-Project running by a student team which is doing this in a more properly software style than in this experimental setup. 
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... itself4.4
Such an inner state could be the state of energy. If this state is too low the system will starve or die. Thus this state has to be kept above some threshhold. Every action which supports this goal to be 'above' some threshold is then 'good' and all actions which deprive this state are 'bad'. 
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...semiotics5.1
Ferdinand de Saussure used the term sémiologie to talk about a more general theory of signs, which should appear in the future (cf. [271]:102). 
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... 1979)5.2
For a more broader view see Noeth [229], [230], Bouissac [32] 
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... 19955.3
Steels states in [310] that his own experiments are strongly influenced from the experimental work with the robot Sharkey 1966 - 1972 under the guidance of Nilsson (cf. [227]) 
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... lectures5.4
Cf. the critical edition [271]; a good context is provided in [230]. 
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... semiotics5.5
As Noeth points out it seems that Saussure did no know the writings of Ch.S.Peirce who is acknowledged as the other great founder of modern semiotic thinking (cf. [230]:71). 
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...conscious5.6
For a good readable and methodological sound approach to the phenomenon of 'consciousness' from the point of view of the neurosciences - and especially neuro-psychology - see the book of B.J.Baars [14]. 
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... case6.1
As a philosophical counterpart for this formal reconstruction I am following the ideas of Husserl in his Paris lectures from 1929 [141] as well as my interpretation of this lectures in my philosophy web-blog [69] 
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... 19957.1
Steels states in [310] that his own experiments are strongly influenced from the experimental work with the robot Sharkey 1966 - 1972 under the guidance of Nilsson (cf. Nilsson 1984 [227]) 
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... reductionism7.2
''to attempt to reduce first-person phenomena to the third-person objects and properties'' is a ''category mistake``MacLennan 2005 [203]:437. This criticism has been raised by other authors too, e.g. Nagel 1986 [224]. 
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... 'protophenomena'7.3
``...protophenomena, which are theoretical entities hypothesized as the elementary constituents of phenomena (conscious experiences)''. MacLennan 2005 [203]:438 
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... Floor8.1
On account of new technologies it is possible to embed under the surface of nearly any kind of floor a network of sensors which can measure, whether an object is touching a certain area of the floor. A floor, which is extended by such a network of sensors is here called a Sens Floor. For this we are cooperating the the Munich based company Future-Shape GmbH which is developing and selling a product called $ SenseFloor^{(R)}$, which includes all the properties of a sens floor (cf. http://www.future-shape.com). 
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...Watts_20098.2
It has to be noticed that Kasabov in his book from 2007 [151]:p.91ff introduces the evolving multilayer perceptions (eMLP) which are identical with the otherwise introduced SECoS without mentioning this synonymous relationship. 
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... features8.3
The authors give no description, how they are doing this. 
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