... 'intelligence'1.1
Regarding the term mind we know that this term has a long tradition in philosophy. There it is a derived term based on the subjective experiences of consciousness and the phenomena associated with consciousness. Experimental Psychology has abandoned the term consciousness since the end of the 19th century and has replaced it by observable behavior (cf. [22], [250], [31]). This enabled the introduction of an operational term of intelligence which can be measured with regard to observable behavior. During the 20th century the new empirical science of brain research has gained momentum and produced many new exciting insights. But the knowledge of the brain has to be correlated explicitly with the observable behavior and with the conscious experience to get some biological relevant meaning. This is the subject matter of neuro-psychology as well as of neuro-phenomenology. The last branch neuro-phenomenology is not yet well developed. A discipline like behavior-phenomenology seems to be even only a theoretical postulate until now, but methodologically such a discipline is necessary to bridge the gap between a theory of the consciousness and a theory of observable behavior.

Therefore, in the realm of empirical research it is difficult to use a term like 'mind' in an empirical sound manner. If at all it could be a theoretical term in an advanced network of theoretical terms organized as a formal theory. But in the realm of engineering where one starts with the requirements of a behavior model implementing some functional principles and based on this one designs a logical model to support these requirements it is possible and sound to use the term artificial mind as a label for this whole complex of required behavior, logical model as well as implemented system. 

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... quality1.2
From science fiction we often hear the message that 'intelligent machines' are dangerous and that they eventually will battle human intelligence in the future. This is rather nonsense. The only real and dangerous enemy of human persons, of biological life in general, is - besides some natural catastrophic events like asteroids etc. - primarily the homo sapiens sapiens itself. If we look to history then in all times it has been humans which battled other humans and treated them with cruelties of any kind. And this continues until today. This demonstrates that human persons have severe limits to become 'nice' and 'friendly' people, which are 'wise', which can support other people with skills and humor, etc. Instead that intelligent machines will destroy human kind they are some hope to help us against ourselves (but, clearly, there can be humans which use these new technologies to enlarge their cruelties to battle other humans). We as humans are the primary problem as well as a quite new chance. The future will tell us, which option will be the 'winner'. 
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... sciences'2.1
There are many different groups in history which have discussed this topic. I mention here only the 'Wiener Kreis' with Reichenbach and Carnap, influencing many others, e.g. Morris 
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... -2.2
This too is a large topic including more than 1000 publications 
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...PhilosFrameworkAllTheories2.3
For those reader who can read German I can mention here my philosophy blog at http://cognitiveagent.org, where I discuss the philosophical background of our everyday life and the sciences. From the many contributions of this blog I like here to mention especially the post http://cognitiveagent.org/2012/03/23/philosophie-im-kontext-teil2-irrtum/. In this post I explain the relationship between the 'primary thinking' (of Philosophy) and the 'derived' empirical thinking of all the other disciplines 
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... etc.2.4
I am not sure whether these logical dimensions of science are well known in the science community. My overall impression is, that this is usually not the case. 
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...Rauchfuss_2005)2.5
As example here some facts (from many) from the book of Ward et al. [400]: The theoretical concepts of a habitable zone (HZ) with the specialization of animal habitable zone (AHZ) and galactical habitable zone (GHZ) are very intriguing because they reveal facts like those, that water oceans need a certain distance from the main star not to vaporate or to freeze [400]:16,18, that animal life needs certain maximal temperatures [400]:20 as well as a whole list of heavy elements is needed [400]:29. The first two billion years these heavy elements have not been available [400]:30) and there is probably a maximal time point when certain kinds of radioactivity will not be available to drive plate tectonics [400]:30. Furthermore does complex life need long enough periods of time which can only be realized if the stars are not too much bigger than the sun (p.30). For the future of life on earth there is a limit given by the sun which is incrementing and will change into a red giant in about 4 billion years [400]:32. The other point is the fact that the location of our solar system is within the milky way galaxy in an area of relative low disturbances [400]:27f. Nevertheless besides the upcoming danger of the sun as red giant there is some probability of a collision: "The Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way are thus expected to collide in about 4.5 billion years, although the details are uncertain since Andromeda's tangential velocity with respect to the Milky Way is only known to within about a factor of two" [421]. 
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... memory2.6
One has to keep in mind that the reproduction of life as we know it presupposes structures which are already extremely complex. At least as exciting as these known structures of life themselves is that process, which let these structures 'emerge'. Starting with atoms in a certain environment there was a process of at least 500 Million years through which those cell structures evolved which became the main 'platform' for life on this planet. For a more elaborated text on this subject called chemical evolution see De Duve [] and Rauchfu? [297]. 
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... facts2.7
The references for these ideas are numerous. Some of them we will write down soon. The others will be given 'in place' where the details of this working hypotheses will be described 
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... SYS2.8
For a more detailed description and reflection see the papers [96], [97] 
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...#tex2html_wrap_inline10369#2.9
's' stands for 'stimulus' and 'r' for 'response' with regard to experimental psychology as the main source of this terminology. But we have to add that we do not interpret 'response' here in the light of a psychological behaviorism but more 'neutrally' purely as 'activation' without further special assumptions. 
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...#tex2html_wrap_inline10375#2.10
The usage of the terms 'model' and 'theory' is not always very clear. I understand the term 'theory' in the tradition of the philosophy of science as well as the German 'Wissenschaftstheorie'. In this context a theory is like a mathematical structure a formal structure $ TH(x) iff x = \langle Some Sets M, some relations R, some axioms AX\rangle$, which describe a complex object consisting of several sets, relations between those and some constraints and dynamics represented in axioms. From such a structure one can derive logical statements which can be 'true' or 'false'. A 'model' in this tradition is no theory. A model is either the outcome of a 'mapping' from some complex set to a more 'simpler' set or it is the construction of some function which maps a certain required behavior. From a 'model' one cannot logically derive statements which can be true or false. 
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... growing2.11
The idea to see the universe as a 'simulation' or as a 'virtual reality' is not new. See e.g. the paragraph about 'Virtual Worlds' 16.1 as an example with more references. But there is a lot more to cite and talk. Perhaps later... 
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... guidelines2.12
Has to be written yet... 
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...#tex2html_wrap_inline10642#3.1
For an extensive discussion of genetic algorithms centering on the genotype see the chapters below preceding the chapters about learning classifier systems. 
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... system4.1
In real biological system the genetic information of the plan is included in every cell). 
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... anything.4.2
For every system $ S_{ij}$ it has to be defined, at which point of time which kind of computation by $ \gamma_{ij}$ should be possible. 
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...#tex2html_wrap_inline11047#4.3
The assumption of binary strings is quite concrete but because one can encode any other kind of an alphabet as a binary alphabet this is no restriction. 
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... presented4.4
These examples are realized with the scilab programming environment, a mathematics package like Mathematica$ ^{TM}$ combined with a simulation environment similar to matlab$ ^{TM}$. The software can easily be downloaded from $ \verb§http://www.scilab.org§$. The source code of all examples can be found in the appendix of this text. 
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... environment4.5
What biologists calle a ecological 'niche'. 
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... genomes4.6
The new subject of memetic computing has eventually to be located here. 
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...#tex2html_wrap_inline11786#5.1
The 'appropriate' representation is a problem on it's own. There exists a nice paper from Nadel (1990) discussing this point. 
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... game5.2
The 5-Queens-Problem is a special case of the n-Queens problem. Many papers discuss the n-queens problem. Some of these are Homaifar et al. (1992)[164], Bozikovic et al. (2003)[33], and Turky et al. (2010)[386] 
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...#tex2html_wrap_inline12075#5.3
There are some more parameters (aging,..) which will be neglected for now 
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... 'semiology')13.1
Ferdinand de Saussure used the term sémiologie to talk about a more general theory of signs, which should appear in the future (cf. [322]:102). 
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... 'designated'.13.2
Another subject within computational semiotics is labeled language games. Strongly influenced by the talking heads experiments from Steels 1995. Steels states in [366] that his own experiments are strongly influenced from the experimental work with the robot Sharkey 1966-1972 under the guidance of Nilsson (cf. [271]). See for Steels [361], [359], this topic grows very fast (cf. [362], [363], [364], [237], [21], [18]. [275]). Doeben-Henisch has shown, how it is possible to formalize the concept of grounding - which is part of the concept of a language game - within the concept of semiosis of Peirce [72]:124ff. 
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... lectures13.3
Cf. the critical edition [322]; a good context is provided in [274]. 
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... semiotics13.4
As Noeth points out it seems that Saussure did no know the writings of Ch.S.Peirce who is acknowledged as the other great founder of modern semiotic thinking (cf. [274]:71). 
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...conscious13.5
For a good readable and methodological sound approach to the phenomenon of 'consciousness' from the point of view of the neurosciences - and especially neuro-psychology - see the book of B.J.Baars [11]. 
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...Witworth_200716.1
This paper hasbeen pointed out to me by Frank Drolshagen by an email. 
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